Introduction Glutathione S -transferases (GSTs) refer to a group of cytosolic phase II detoxification enzymes, which have both a GSH-binding site and a substrate-binding site (H-site) that catalyze the nucleophilic attack of the sulfur atom of glutathione (GSH) on electrophilic groups of substrate molecules ( S -transferase Pi (GSTP) is the most abundant member of cytosolic GSTs in the mammalian cells ( via its non-catalytic ligand-binding activity
Neurological symptoms deserve particular attention
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Excess copper contributes to oxidative stress, inflammation, and potential toxicity, the opposite of what GHK-Cu is supposed to do. Researchers have generally found that GHK-Cu helps regulate copper rather than overload it, but the line between beneficial and harmful copper exposure depends on dose, tissue type, and individual biology