Two major clinical trials are the basis for most of what's known about these medications' weight-management effects: STEP 1 (68-week randomized study, adults without diabetes): semaglutide 2.4 mg produced an average loss of roughly 15% of body weight, versus about 2.4% with placebo, alongside a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity
Data Availability Statement Data sharing not applicable
A recent detailed systematic review of all clinical research in these applications concluded that beetroot supplementation was most effective for increasing exercise performance for those activities lasting between 2 to 10 minutes, and best results seem to be achieved when the beetroot supplementation was given at least 2.5 hours before exercise
Many BPC-157 products continue to be sold as dietary supplements through a separate regulatory pathway
Many insurance plans require prior authorization (PA) before they'll cover Ozempic, especially when it's prescribed for weight loss rather than type 2 diabetes
Acknowledgements This work was supported by NIH UH3 NS103468 (D.A.T.)