In rare cases, imaging studies may be used
Many studies have clearly demonstrated an increased incidence of oxidative damage either from reactive oxygen species (ROS) or peroxides in other neurological diseases including Parkinsons 14 , Huntingtons 15 , Alzheimers 16 , and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 17
Abbreviations RPL: Recurrent pregnancy loss ART: Assisted reproductive technology APS: Antiphospholipid syndrome ETC: Electronic transport chain ROS: Reactive oxygen species RNS: Reactive nitrogen species MnSOD: Manganese superoxide dismutase Cu/ZnSOD: Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase NADPH: Nicotinamine adenide dinucleotide phosphate CAT: Catalase GPx: Glutathione peroxidase GR: Glutathione reductase GOx: Glutathione oxidase UV: Ultra violet GSH: Glutathione GSSG: Oxidised glutathione MDA: Malondialdehyde H 2 O 2 : Hydrogen peroxide OH : Hydroxyl radicals ROO : Peroxyl radicals PC: Protein carbonyl 8-OHG: 8-Hydroxyguanosine 8-OHdG: 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine SOA: Superoxide anion TAC: Total antioxidant capacity TOL: Total oxidant level NO: Nitric acid LPO: Lipid peroxidation PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acids OS: Oxidative stress NS: Nitrosative stress aCL: Anticardiolipin antibodies Se: Selenium Zn: Zinc Cu: Cooper Mn: Manganese GST: Glutathione S-transferase NAC: N -Acetylcysteine FGF: Fibroblast growth factor VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor VEGFR: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor N 2 O: Nitrous oxide NO3 : Peroxynitrite HNO 3 : Peroxynitrous acid NOS: Oxide synthase References ESHRE Guideline Group on RPL, Bender Atik R, Christiansen OB, Elson J, Kolte AM, Lewis S, Middeldorp S, et al
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