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When 1982 people who follow a vegan diet were tracked for 17.6 years and compared to non-vegetarians, they had a 43% increased risk of fractures, including hip fractures
BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) is a synthetic 15-amino-acid peptide derived from a protective protein found in human gastric juice
A 2024 review in Cartilage identified AOD-9604 among key peptides recognized for benefits to bone and joint health, noting its capacity for chondrogenic induction and cartilage regeneration in osteoarthritis models
High-risk groups include older adults, vegans, individuals with pernicious anaemia, those with malabsorption conditions such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease, people taking metformin or proton pump inhibitors long-term, and those with recent nitrous oxide exposure including recreational use
The 0.9% concentration achieves effective inhibition of common lab contaminants without harming peptide integrity