In the brain, it serves several key roles: Primary antioxidant defense against ROS Toxin Clearance support , binding and helping remove certain toxins and heavy metals Mitochondrial protection , helping maintain energy production Regulation of cell survival and repair , including controlled cell death (apoptosis) Support for other antioxidants , including vitamins C and E Glutathione exists in two main forms: GSH (reduced glutathione) - the active, protective form GSSG (oxidized glutathione) - the used form after neutralizing free radicals The ratio of GSH to GSSG is a sensitive indicator of cellular redox balance
Treatment for confirmed B12 deficiency includes oral cyanocobalamin for dietary causes or intramuscular hydroxocobalamin for malabsorption or neurological involvement, following NHS and BNF guidance
Kanwal et al
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Finally, there's the overall metabolic recalibration
CRF receptor type 2 neurons in the posterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis critically contribute to stress recovery
