upregulation of antioxidant enzymes like catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) glutathione peroxidase (GPx), heme oxygenase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and other protective proteins ( In addition to the above biological functions, carnitine also plays an important role in anti-apoptosis and protection of mitochondrial biogenesis and integrity, which are beyond the scope of this study ( Application in Diseases Carnitine, a natural compound closely related to the above-mentioned functions, has recently been found to alter the underlying disease pathology with fewer side effects (43), Alzheimer's disease (44), and other chronic diseases
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Published Aug 12, 2025
These red flag symptoms may indicate complications such as oesophagitis, gastric ulceration, pancreatitis, or potentially serious conditions requiring immediate investigation
One such combination therapy is currently being evaluated in clinical trials and is discussed later in this article