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Isolated mitochondria were washed twice with basic STE buffer (without 0.1% fatty acidfree BSA), resuspended in basic STE buffer and protein concentration of mitochondrial proteins was determined by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay using BSA as a standard

1 Introduction Cancer persists as the second leading cause of global mortality, with epidemiological projections estimating 19.97 million new cases and 9.74 million deaths in 2024 ( Nutraceuticals have emerged as compelling candidates in translational oncology, leveraging their dual capacity to potentiate anticancer effects while mitigating treatment-related toxicity ( 2 O 2 )-mediated responses, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, iron-regulated epigenetic reprogramming, anti-apoptotic protein B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) inhibition, Bax (Bcl-2 associated X protein, a well-known pro-apoptotic mediator) activation, mitochondrial hyperpolarization induction, the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP, a known apoptotic indicator) and caspases, mainly caspases 3 and 7 as well as targeting hypoxia-inducible factor-1 ( HIF- ) ( The therapeutic application of VC in oncology has been plagued by persistent controversies, particularly regarding dose-response relationships and administration route efficacy

doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-04397-z 104
is due to the presence of one weak binding site in MT2 with nanomolar affinity, which has been well-documented and characterized at the molecular level (Krel and Maret 2007b
It is a waste of money, time, and progress