This does not harm the product
This proton pumping creates a proton-motive force consisting of electrical and proton gradients
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G.van GemertW
Last Updated: July 5, 2026 Introduction to Pyruvate Metabolism and the TCA Cycle The bulk of the ATP used by all cells (except mature red blood cells), to maintain homeostasis, is produced by the re-oxidation of the reduced electron carriers, NADH and FADH 2 , within the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathway
AbouGabal, A., Aboul-Ela, H
