The intact rat pancreas's GIP perfusion only stimulates glucagon secretion at low glucose levels (4.4 mM) and not at postprandial glucose concentrations (8.9 mM), suggesting that GIP receptor activity in the cell appears to be glucose dependent [18]
Answer: Although some probiotic strains have been shown to temporarily and indirectly increase levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a natural hormone involved in blood sugar and appetite control, there is conflicting evidence about whether probiotics can significantly reduce body weight
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it has been performed in an open-label, 40-week, phase 3 trial [25]