The intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway is initiated by severe cellular stress, including DNA damage, ER stress, and oxidative overload
Gamma-glutamyl compounds: substrate specificity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase enzymes
Biomed Pharmacother 57:145155 Tsuchiya M, Ji C, Kosyk O, Shymonyak S, Melnyk S, Kono H, Tryndyak V, Muskhelishvili L, Pogribny IP, Kaplowitz N, Rusyn I (2012) Interstrain differences in liver injury and one-carbon metabolism in alcohol-fed mice
By mimicking this hormone, GLP-1s assist the body in producing increased insulin in response to elevated blood sugar, delay gastric emptying, and send satiety signals to the brain
Helps in the synthesis of proteins and genetic material, supporting vitality
Norheim F, Raastad T, Thiede B, Rustan AC, Drevon CA, Haugen F